Remote link validity interval in media streaming

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the disclosure provide methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable mediums for receiving media content. An apparatus includes processing circuitry that receives a media presentation description (MPD) file. The MPD file indicates a validity period in which a resolution of a remote element of the MPD file is valid. The processing circuitry determines whether the remote element has been resolved during the validity period indicated by the MPD file based on a media presentation being determined to be within the validity period. The processing circuitry resolves the remote element of the MPD file based on the remote element being determined not to be resolved in the validity period. The processing circuitry outputs media content corresponding to the same resolved remote element in the validity period for each reference to the remote element in the MPD during the validity period.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This present application claims the benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/984,470, “REMOTE LINK VALIDITY INTERVALIN MEDIA STREAMING” filed on Mar. 3, 2020, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure describes embodiments generally related toresolving remote elements of media presentation description (MPD) indynamic adaptive streaming over hypertext transfer protocol (DASH).

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventor, to the extent the work is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description that may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentdisclosure.

Moving picture experts group (MPEG) uses extensible markup languagelinking language (XLink) element(s) (e.g., an XLink link) in mediapresentation description (MPD) for a remote element in dynamic adaptivestreaming over hypertext transfer protocol (DASH) standardization.During a playback of media content, the XLink element(s) in the MPDneeds to be resolved before a timeline of the remote element is built.However, an actuate attribute (e.g., an onRequest mode) of the XLinkelement(s) requires the XLink element(s) to be resolved just before theplayback of the media content. This requirement is ambiguous and canresult in an inconsistent playback of the media content for variousplayers such as a player that randomly accesses or replays the remoteelement.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the disclosure provide apparatuses for receiving mediacontent. One apparatus includes processing circuitry that receives amedia presentation description (MPD) file that indicates a validityperiod in which a resolution of a remote element of the MPD file isvalid. The processing circuitry determines whether the remote elementhas been resolved during the validity period indicated by the MPD filebased on a media presentation being determined to be within the validityperiod. The processing circuitry resolves the remote element of the MPDfile based on the remote element being determined not to be resolved inthe validity period. The processing circuitry outputs media contentcorresponding to the same resolved remote element in the validity periodfor each reference to the remote element in the MPD during the validityperiod.

In an embodiment, the MPD file includes a first parameter indicating astart time of the validity period and a second parameter indicating aduration of the validity period.

In an embodiment, the first parameter is an offset between the starttime of the validity period and a start time of the media contentcorresponding to the resolved remote element.

In an embodiment, the first parameter and the second parameter areincluded in one of a period element, an essential property descriptor,and a supplemental property descriptor included in the MPD file.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry determines whether the remoteelement has been resolved during the validity period based on ahyperlink included in the MPD file corresponding to the remote element.

In an embodiment, the hyperlink is an extensible markup language linkinglanguage (XLink) link.

In an embodiment, a timeline of the validity period is a timeline of theMPD file.

Aspects of the disclosure provide methods for receiving media content.In one method, an MPD file that indicates a validity period in which aresolution of a remote element of the MPD file is valid is received.Whether the remote element has been resolved during the validity periodindicated by the MPD file is determined based on a media presentationbeing determined to be within the validity period. The remote element ofthe MPD file is resolved based on the remote element being determinednot to be resolved in the validity period. Media content correspondingto the same resolved remote element is output in the validity period foreach reference to the remote element in the MPD during the validityperiod.

Aspects of the disclosure also provide non-transitory computer-readablemediums storing instructions which when executed by a computer forreceiving media content cause the computer to perform any one or acombination of the methods for receiving the media content.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features, the nature, and various advantages of the disclosedsubject matter will be more apparent from the following detaileddescription and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary session-based dynamic adaptive streaming overhypertext transfer protocol (DASH) system according to an embodiment ofthe disclosure;

FIG. 2 shows another exemplary session-based DASH system according to anembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary DASH client architecture according to anembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary streaming architecture according to anembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary validity interval for a remote elementaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 6 shows a flow chart outlining a process example according toembodiments of the disclosure; and

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a computer system according to anembodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

I. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming Over Hypertext Transfer Protocol (DASH)and Media Presentation Description (MPD)

Dynamic adaptive streaming over hypertext transfer protocol (DASH) is anadaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables streaming of mediacontent using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) infrastructures, suchas web servers, content delivery networks (CDNs), various proxies andcaches, and the like. DASH supports both on-demand and live streamingfrom a DASH server to a DASH client, and allows the DASH client tocontrol a streaming session, such that the DASH server does not need tocope with an additional load of stream adaptation management in largescale deployments. DASH also allows the DASH client a choice ofstreaming from various DASH servers, and therefore achieving furtherload-balancing of the network for the benefit of the DASH client. DASHprovides dynamic switching between different media tracks, for example,by varying bit-rates to adapt to network conditions.

In DASH, a media presentation description (MPD) file providesinformation for the DASH client to adaptively stream media content bydownloading media segments from the DASH server. The MPD file can befragmented and delivered in parts to reduce session start-up delay. TheMPD file can be also updated during the streaming session. In someexamples, the MPD file supports expression of content accessibilityfeatures, ratings, and camera views. DASH also supports delivering ofmulti-view and scalable coded content.

The MPD file can contain a sequence of one or more periods. Each of theone or more periods can be defined by a period element in the MPD file.The MPD file can include an availableStartTime attribute for the MPD anda start attribute for each period. For media presentations with adynamic type (e.g., used for live services), a sum of the startattribute of the period and the MPD attribute availableStartTime and theduration of the media segment can indicate the availability time of theperiod in coordinated universal time (UTC) format, in particular thefirst media segment of each representation in the corresponding period.For media presentations with a static type (e.g., used for on-demandservices), the start attribute of the first period can be 0. For anyother period, the start attribute can specify a time offset between thestart time of the corresponding period relative to the start time of thefirst period. Each period can extend until the start of the next period,or until the end of the media presentation in the case of the lastperiod. Period start times can be precise and reflect the actual timingresulting from playing the media of all prior periods.

Each period can contain one or more adaptations sets, and each of theadaptation sets can contain one or more representations for the samemedia content. A representation can be one of a number of alternativeencoded versions of audio or video data. The representations can differby encoding types, e.g., by bitrate, resolution, codec for video dataand bitrate, and/or codec for audio data. The term representation can beused to refer to a section of encoded audio or video data correspondingto a particular period of the multimedia content and encoded in aparticular way.

Adaptation sets of a particular period can be assigned to a groupindicated by a group attribute in the MPD file. Adaptation sets in thesame group are generally considered alternatives to each other. Forexample, each adaptation set of video data for a particular period canbe assigned to the same group, such that any adaptation set can beselected for decoding to display video data of the multimedia contentfor the corresponding period. The media content within one period can berepresented by either one adaptation set from group 0, if present, orthe combination of at most one adaptation set from each non-zero group,in some examples. Timing data for each representation of a period can beexpressed relative to the start time of the period.

A representation can include one or more segments. Each representationcan include an initialization segment, or each segment of arepresentation can be self-initializing. When present, theinitialization segment can contain initialization information foraccessing the representation. In some cases, the initialization segmentdoes not contain media data. A segment can be uniquely referenced by anidentifier, such as a uniform resource locator (URL), uniform resourcename (URN), or uniform resource identifier (URI). The MPD file canprovide the identifiers for each segment. In some examples, the MPD filecan also provide byte ranges in the form of a range attribute, which cancorrespond to the data for a segment within a file accessible by theURL, URN, or URI.

Each representation can also include one or more media components, whereeach media component can correspond to an encoded version of oneindividual media type, such as audio, video, or timed text (e.g., forclosed captioning). Media components can be time-continuous acrossboundaries of consecutive media segments within one representation.

In some embodiments, the DASH client can access and download the MPDfile from the DASH server. That is, the DASH client can retrieve the MPDfile for use in initiating a live session. Based on the MPD file, andfor each selected representation, the DASH client can make severaldecisions, including determining what is the latest segment that isavailable on the server, determining the segment availability start timeof the next segment and possibly future segments, determining when tostart playout of the segment and from which timeline in the segment, anddetermining when to get/fetch a new MPD file. Once the service is playedout, the client can keep track of drift between the live service and itsown playout, which needs to be detected and compensated.

II. Session-Based DASH Operation and Session-Based Description (SBD)

It is noted that the MPD file can be generic for all DASH clients. Inorder to make the MPD file specific for a session of the DASH client,Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) provides session-based DASHoperations. In session-based DASH operations, the DASH client canreceive a side file, such as a session-based description (SBD) file,which provides instructions for the DASH client to customize the MPDfile per a session and possibly per a client.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary session-based DASH system (100) according toan embodiment of the disclosure. In the session-based DASH system (100),an MPD file is sent from a DASH server (101) (e.g., a content server) toa DASH client (102). The DASH client (102) can receive media segmentsfrom the DASH server (101) based on the MPD file. The DASH client (102)can send a request to the DASH server (101) for updating the MPD file.In addition, the DASH client (102) can receive an SBD file from the DASHserver (101) or a third party (e.g., session controller).

It is noted that multiple DASH servers can send MPD file and mediasegments, so the MPD file and the media segments can be sent to the DASHclient (102) from different DASH servers. In addition, a DASH serverreceiving the request sent from the DASH client (102) can be differentfrom a DASH server sending the media segments.

According to aspects of the disclosure, the SBD file can include aplurality of time ranges and corresponding key-value pairs (orname-value pairs), along with additional metadata. The SBD file can bereferenced in the MPD file by, for example, a URL. The SBD file can beused to customize the MPD file received by the DASH client (102) to bespecific for a session of the DASH client (102). For example, the SBDfile can allow adding session-specific elements to segment URLs withoutgenerating unique per-session MPDs.

FIG. 2 shows another exemplary session-based DASH system (200) accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure. In the session-based DASH system(200), multimedia content is prepared and generated by a contentgeneration device (201) (e.g., smartphone) which can include an audiosource (e.g., microphone) and a video source (e.g., video camera). Themultimedia content can be stored by the content generation device (201)or sent to a content server (202) which can store various multimediacontents. The content server (202) can receive a request from clientdevices, such as a DASH access client (203), for one or more mediasegments of the multimedia content. The multimedia content is describedby an MPD file, which can be stored and updated by the content server(202) and accessed by the client devices including the DASH accessclient (203) to retrieve the media segments.

In order to retrieve a session-specific media segment, the DASH accessclient (203) can send a request to an SBD client (204) (e.g., sessionclient) for accessing an SBD file that is received by the SBD client(204) and includes a plurality of time ranges and correspondingkey-value pairs for the current session. For example, the DASH accessclient (203) can send a key name and a time range to the SBD client(204), which then parses the key name and the time range and returns avalue corresponding to the key name and the time range to the DASHaccess client (203). The DASH access client (203) can include the valuein a query of a segment URL which can be sent to the content server(202) for requesting the session-specific media segment when the segmentrequest is a HTTP GET or partial GET request.

It is noted that the SBD client (204) can receive multiple SBD filesfrom different session controllers, such as a session controller (205)and a session controller (206).

According to aspects of the disclosure, any or all of the features ofthe content server (202) (e.g., DASH server) can be implemented on oneor more devices of a content delivery network (CDN), such as routers,bridges, proxy devices, switches, or other devices. The content server(202) can include a request processing unit configured to receivenetwork requests from the client devices (e.g., DASH access client(203)). For example, the request processing unit can be configured toreceive HTTP GET or partial GET requests and provide data of multimediacontents in response to the requests. The requests can specify a segmentusing a URL of the segment. In some examples, the requests can alsospecify one or more byte ranges of the segment, thus comprising partialGET requests. The request processing unit can further be configured toservice HTTP HEAD requests to provide header data of a segment.

In some embodiments, the content generation device (201) and the contentserver (202) can be coupled by a wireless network or a wired network, orcan be directly communicatively coupled.

In some embodiments, the content generation device (201) and the contentserver (202) can be included in a same device.

In some embodiments, the content server (202) and the sessioncontrollers (205)-(206) can be included in a same device.

In some embodiments, the content server (202) and the DASH access client(203) can be coupled by a wireless network or a wired network.

In some embodiments, the SBD client (204) and the session controllers(205)-(206) can be coupled by a wireless network or a wired network, orcan be directly communicatively coupled.

In some embodiments, the DASH access client (203) and the SBD client(204) can be included in a same device.

III. DASH Client Architecture

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary DASH client architecture according to anembodiment of the disclosure. A DASH client (or DASH player) such as theDASH client (102) can be configured to communicate with an application(312) and process various types of events, including (i) MPD events,(ii) inband events, and (iii) timed metadata events.

A manifest parser (310) can parse a manifest (e.g., an MPD). Themanifest can be provided by the DASH server (101) for example. Themanifest parser (310) can extract event information about MPD events,inband events, and timed metadata events embedded in timed metadatatracks. The extracted event information can be provided to a DASH logic(311) (e.g., DASH player control, selection, and heuristic logic). TheDASH logic (311) can notify the application (312) of event schemessignaled in the manifest based on the event information.

The event information can include event scheme information fordistinguishing between different event streams. The application (312)can use the event scheme information to subscribe to event schemes ofinterest. The application (312) can further indicate a desired dispatchmode for each of the subscribed schemes through one or more subscriptionapplication programming interfaces (APIs). For example, the application(312) can send a subscription request to the DASH client that identifiesone or more event schemes of interest and any desired correspondingdispatch modes.

If the application (312) subscribes to one or more event schemes thatare delivered as part of one or more timed metadata tracks, an inbandevent and ‘moof’ parser (303) can stream the one or more timed metadatatracks to a timed metadata track parser (304). For example, the inbandevent and ‘moof’ parser (303) parses a movie fragment box (“moof”) andsubsequently parses the timed metadata track based on controlinformation from the DASH logic (311).

The timed metadata track parser (304) can extract event messagesembedded in the timed metadata track. The extracted event messages canbe stored in an event and timed metadata buffer (306). Asynchronizer/dispatcher module (308) (e.g., event and timed metadatasynchronizer and dispatcher) can dispatch (or send) the subscribedevents to the application (312).

MPD events described in the MPD can be parsed by the manifest parser(310) and stored in the event and timed metadata buffer (306). Forexample, the manifest parser (310) parses each event stream element ofthe MPD, and parses each event described in each event stream element.For each event signaled in the MPD, event information such aspresentation time and event duration can be stored in the event andtimed metadata buffer (306) in association with the event.

The inband event and ‘moof’ parser (303) can parse media segments toextract inband event messages. Any such identified inband events andassociated presentation times and durations can be stored in the eventand timed metadata buffer (306).

Accordingly, the event and timed metadata buffer (306) can store thereinMPD events, inband events, and/or timed metadata events. The event andtimed metadata buffer (306) can be a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) buffer,for example. The event and timed metadata buffer (306) can be managed incorrespondence with a media buffer (307). For example, as long as amedia segment exists in the media buffer (307), any events or timedmetadata corresponding to that media segment can be stored in the eventand timed metadata buffer (306).

A DASH Access API (302) can manage the fetching and reception of acontent stream (or dataflow) including media content and variousmetadata through an HTTP protocol stack (301). The DASH Access API (302)can separate the received content stream into different dataflows. Thedataflow provided to the inband event and ‘moof’ parser (303) caninclude media segments, one or more timed metadata tracks, and inbandevent signaling included in the media segments. In an embodiment, thedataflow provided to the manifest parser (310) can include an MPD.

The DASH Access API (302) can forward the manifest to the manifestparser (310). Beyond describing events, the manifest can also provideinformation on media segments to the DASH logic (311), which cancommunicate with the application (312) and the inband event and ‘moof’parser (303). The application (312) can be associated with the mediacontent processed by the DASH client. Control/synchronization signalsexchanged among the application (312), the DASH logic (311), themanifest parser (310), and the DASH Access API (202) can control thefetching of media segments from the HTTP Stack (301) based oninformation regarding media segments provided in the manifest.

The inband event and ‘moof’ parser (303) can parse a media dataflow intomedia segments including media content, timed metadata in a timedmetadata track, and any signaled inband events in the media segments.The media segments including media content can be parsed by a fileformat parser (305) and stored in the media buffer (307).

The events stored in the event and timed metadata buffer (306) can allowthe synchronizer/dispatcher (308) to communicate to the application(312) the available events (or events of interest) related to theapplication (312) through an event/metadata API. The application (312)can be configured to process the available events (e.g., MPD events,inband events, or timed metadata events) and subscribe to particularevents or timed metadata by notifying the synchronizer/dispatcher (308).Any events stored in the event and timed metadata buffer (306) that arenot related to the application (312), but are instead related to theDASH client itself can be forwarded by the synchronizer/dispatcher (308)to the DASH logic (311) for further processing.

In response to the application (312) subscribing to particular events,the synchronizer/dispatcher (308) can communicate to the application(312) event instances (or timed metadata samples) corresponding to eventschemes to which the application (312) has subscribed. The eventinstances can be communicated in accordance with a dispatch modeindicated by the subscription request (e.g., for a specific eventscheme) or a default dispatch mode. For example, in an on-receivedispatch mode, event instances may be sent to the application (312) uponreceipt in the event and timed metadata buffer (306). On the other hand,in an on-start dispatch mode, event instances may be sent to theapplication (312) at their associated presentation time, for example insynchronization with timing signals from the media decoder (309).

IV. Remote Element in DASH

Target-based media content tailoring is a popular and important featurein media streaming. This feature can allow a client (or a media player)to play media content based on one or more factors, such as thepreference, location, age, and interest of the client as well as otherfactors. Thus, each client can have a different media content.Target-based advertising is an important use-case in this regard. Thetarget-based media content tailoring at a client side can be achieved byremote elements (or remote resources) in media streaming protocols suchas DASH and other streaming protocols. A remote element can be anelement (e.g., a period element) that is not explicitly defined in amanifest (e.g., MPD) that is processed by the client. Instead, a linkcorresponding to the remote element can be provided in the manifest.Through the link, the client can obtain a remote element resolution.Then, the client can replace the remote element with the remote elementresolution and play back the media content corresponding to the remoteelement based on the remote element resolution.

In some related examples such as DASH, extensible markup language (XML)linking language (XLink) can be used for the remote element. XLink canallow elements (e.g., an XLink link) to be inserted into XML documentsin order to create and describe links between resources. A resource canbe an addressable unit of information or service. Examples includefiles, images, documents, programs, and query results. The means usedfor addressing a resource can be an internationalized resourceidentifier (IRI) reference. Using an)(Link link can be referred to astraversal that can involve a pair of resources: a starting resource andan ending resource. The starting resource is an origin for thetraversal. The ending resource is a destination for the traversal. Byresolving the XLink link, a client can obtain a remote elementresolution that is a traversal from the starting resource to the endingresource.

A remote element using)(Link can include two attributes, @xhnk:href and@xhnk:actuate. The attribute @xhnk:href can include a URL pointing to acomplete description of the remote element, and the attribute@xhnk:actuate can specify a resolution model (e.g., onLoad or onRequest)of the remote element. Table 1 shows a remote element and acorresponding remote element resolution. The remote element is oneperiod element, which is resolved into two period elements.

TABLE 1 Remote Element <Period xlink:href=“http://test”xlink:actuate=“onLoad”/> Remote Element <?xml version=“1.0”encoding=“utf-8”?> Resolution <Period id=0>...</Period> <Periodid=1>...</Period>

According to aspects of the disclosure, an actuate attribute of an XLinklink can be used for a remote element to communicate a desired timing ofa resolution of the remote element. The actuate attribute of the XLinklink can include an onLoad mode and an onRequest mode.

In the onLoad mode, before the playback of the media content, the remoteelement needs to be resolved. Once the remote element is resolved, theentire media content can be played, such that an application or a clientcan traverse to the ending resource immediately on loading the startingresource. For example, in the onLoad mode, the remote element resolutionmay not be the latest resolution. That is, after the remote element isresolved, for each reference to the remote element, the target-basedmedia content tailoring such as the target-based advertising may not beupdated and can be the same as a previous target-based advertising.

In the onRequest mode, the remote element can be resolved a few momentsbefore the media content corresponding to the remote element needs to beplayed. This allows further target-based media content tailoringdepending on the moment of the playback. Accordingly, the remote elementresolution can be the latest resolution. That is, even if the remoteelement was previously resolved, the remote element may need to beresolved again for each reference to the remote element, such that thetarget-based media content (e.g., target-based advertising) can beupdated and may not be the same as the previous target-basedadvertising. For example, an application or a client can traverse fromthe starting resource to the ending resource on a post-loading eventtriggered for the purpose of traversal. An example of such an event iswhen a user clicks on the presentation of the starting resource, or asoftware module finishes a countdown that precedes a redirect.

However, since the manifest can be updated in some applications such asDASH, the validity of the remote element resolution in the onRequestmode may not be clear. In some related examples, this ambiguous validitycan result in an inconsistent playback of the media content, dependingon a player implementation and/or the manifest.

V. Validity Interval for Remote Element Resolution

This disclosure introduces a validity interval (or period) for theremote element resolution. This interval can define a period duringwhich the remote element resolution can be valid. Therefore, the clientcan know when the earliest time to resolve the remote element is anddoes not try to resolve the remote element earlier than the earliesttime. In addition, after resolving the remote element, the client canknow how long the resolved remote element is valid. Accordingly, inorder to avoid the inconsistency of the playback, the client does notneed to resolve the remote element again during the validity interval.The client can also play back the same content if the client comes backto the same point during the validity interval.

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary streaming architecture according to anembodiment of the disclosure. The streaming architecture includes twocontent servers (401)-(402) and a client (403). Interfaces between thetwo content servers (401)-(402) and the client (403) can be representedby IF1 and IF2, respectively. It is assumed that the content server(401) can provide the client (403) a manifest for playing back thetarget-based media content. In an embodiment, the manifest can includethree periods P1, P2, and P3. Specifically, P1 and P3 can be explicitperiods in which the corresponding media content can reside in thecontent server (401), and P2 can be a remote period in which thecorresponding media content can be defined by an XLink link (P2 link)pointing to the content server (402).

In some related examples, when the client (403) parses the manifest, theclient (403) may need to resolve the P2 link that points to the contentserver (402). But the client (403) may not know an exact timing toresolve the P2 link. In addition, when the manifest such as an MPD isupdated, whether the P2 link is to be resolved again may not be clear tothe client (403).

In order to provide a consistent playback of the media content, twoparameters, validity start time (VST) and validity duration (VD), can beincluded in a hyperlink such as the XLink link for the remote element.The VST parameter is a start time in a media presentation timeline atwhich the resolution of the remote element can result in a validexplicit element. The VD parameter is a duration in which the resolutionof the remote element can stay valid. Accordingly, these two propertiescan define a lifetime (or a lifespan) for the remote element resolution.If a current media presentation time is outside the lifetime of theremote element resolution, the remote element resolution can beconsidered to be expired. Otherwise, the element resolution can be used.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary validity interval for a remote elementaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure. In FIG. 5, a client (e.g.,client (403)) receives a manifest such as an MPD including three periodsP1, P2, and P3, in which P1 and P3 are explicit periods and P2 is aremote period. A hyperlink such as an XLink link used for P2 can includetwo variables startOffset and duration. Accordingly, the VST parameterand the VD parameter can be calculated as VST=PeriodStart−startOffsetand VD=duration, respectively, where the variable PeriodStart is a starttime of the period (e.g., P2) corresponding to the remote element.

When the current media presentation time of the client reaches the MPDtime corresponding to the VST or any moment after that, the client cancheck whether a valid resolution of the remote element exists or not. Ifthe resolution exists, the resolution can be valid in the validityinterval, i.e., VST≤current time<VST+VD. However, if such a resolutiondoes not exist, the client can resolve the remote element (again). It isnoted that the VD parameter can be a certain number, a duration of aparent element of the remote element, or a duration of the MPD.

Table 2 shows an exemplary syntax table that supports a signaling of thevalidity interval of the remote element solution at a period level. InTable 2, the variable remoteLinkStartOffset can be an offset between thestart time of the period corresponding to the remote element and thestart time of the validity interval of the remote element resolution.Therefore, the variable remoteLinkStartOffset can indicate the earliesttime to resolve the remote element. The variable remoteLinkDuration canbe a duration of the validity interval of the remote element resolution.In an example, the variable remoteLinkDuration can be equal to −1,indicating that the duration of the validity interval can be valid tillthe end of the period. In another example, a default value of thevariable remoteLinkDuration can be equal to INF (e.g., a largestinteger), indicating that the duration of the validity interval can bevalid until the end of the entire media presentation.

TABLE 2 Element or Attribute Name Use Description Period specifies theinformation of a Period. @xlink:href O specifies a reference to a remoteelement entity that is either empty or contains one or multipletop-level elements of type Period. @xlink:actuate OD specifies theprocessing instructions, which can be default: either “onLoad” or“onRequest”. onRequest This attribute shall not be present if the@xlink:href attribute is not present. remoteLinkStartOffset O Thenegative offset from the PeriodStart, indicating the earliest time toresolve the xlink remoteLinkDuration O The duration from thexlinkStartOffset in which the resolution of xlink stays valid. A valueof −1 means that the duration is valid until the Period end. Defaultvalue is INF (largest integer) meaning the resolution is valid for theentire media presentation duration. @id O specifies an identifier forthis Period. The identifier shall be unique within the scope of theMedia Presentation. If the MPD@type is “dynamic”, then this attributeshall be present and shall not change in case the MPD is updated. If notpresent, no identifier for the Period is provided. In case of a remoteperiod element, every Period@id within the remote entity has to beunique within the media presentation. If the generator of the remoteentity is unaware of the Period@id values used within the mediapresentation, it can use unique identifiers (such as UUIDs) as valuesfor Period@id. If the xlink resolver maintains the same generated id forevery client and for each time that the remote period is requested, theremote element is cacheable.

In an embodiment, the start offset variable and the duration variable ofthe validity interval of the remote element resolution can be signaledby using an essential property descriptor or a supplemental propertydescriptor. For example, a descriptor can include three attributes:identification, schemeURI, and value. The schemeURI attribute can beused for signaling the remote element such as the XLink link. The valueattribute can be used for the start offset variable and the durationvariable. The values of the start offset variable and the durationvariable can be separated by a space. The descriptor can be at variouslevels, such as an MPD level or a period level.

In addition, the same descriptor with the same schemeURI and withoutvalues can be used at an MPD level to signal an existence of such adescriptor for a validity interval of a remote element resolution, suchthat the client can be aware that a corresponding functionality isneeded in order to play a media content correctly.

The start offset variable in the validity interval can provide theearliest time to resolve the remote element for the client, such thatthe client can avoid resolving the remote element earlier than theearliest time and obtaining a wrong result. In addition, the durationvariable can provide the lifespan of the remote element resolution, suchthat the client can avoid resolving the same remote element multipletimes. The validity interval can provide consistency in the playback ofthe media content, as the client only needs to resolve the remoteelement once during the validity interval. In a use-case, the validityinterval can be set as a long duration in which case the client can playthe identical media content each time when randomly accessing orreplaying the remote element. In another use-case, the validity intervalcan be set as a short duration in which case the client can separatelyretrieve and play media contents each time when randomly accessing orreplaying the remote element.

According to aspects of the disclosure, a valid lifespan of a remoteelement resolution can be built by including two properties into a linkcorresponding to the remote element. The two properties are start timeand duration of the remote element resolution. A timing of the lifespancan be defined based on a media presentation timeline. The duration ofthe remote element resolution can be defined according to the durationof the parent element of the remote element. It is possible to definethe duration property to be an infinite validity, a validity up to theduration of the parent element, or an explicit amount of duration. Thestart time property can be signaled by using an offset value from thestart time of the parent element of the remote element. The propertyvalues can be signaled as new attributes of the parent element or as adescriptor such as an essential property descriptor or a supplementproperty descriptor. In addition, an existence of such properties can besignaled at an MPD level such that the client can realize that beforeparsing the period corresponding to the remote element, the client mayneed to support a functionality of obtaining the lifespan of the remoteelement resolution for the consistent playback of the media contentcorresponding to the remote element.

VI. Flowchart

FIG. 6 shows a flow chart outlining a process (600) according to anembodiment of the disclosure. In various embodiments, the process (600)is executed by processing circuitry, such as the processing circuitry inthe DASH client (102), the processing circuitry in the DASH accessclient (203), the processing circuitry in the SBD client (204), and thelike. In some embodiments, the process (600) is implemented in softwareinstructions, thus when the processing circuitry executes the softwareinstructions, the processing circuitry performs the process (600). Theprocess (600) starts at (S610), where the process (600) receives an MPDfile that indicates a validity period in which a resolution of a remoteelement of the MPD file is valid. Then, the process (600) proceeds tostep (S620).

At step (S620), the process (600) determines whether the remote elementhas been resolved during the validity period indicated by the MPD filebased on a media presentation being determined to be within the validityperiod. When the remote element has not been resolved during thevalidity period, the process (600) proceeds to step (S630). Otherwise,the process (600) proceeds to step (S640).

At step (S630), the process (600) resolves the remote element of the MPDfile during the validity period. Then, the process (600) proceeds tostep (S640).

At step (S640), the process (600) outputs media content corresponding tothe same resolved remote element in the validity period for eachreference to the remote element in the MPD file during the validityperiod.

Then, the process (600) terminates.

In an embodiment, the MPD file includes a first parameter indicating astart time of the validity period and a second parameter indicating aduration of the validity period.

In an embodiment, the first parameter is an offset between the starttime of the validity period and a start time of the media contentcorresponding to the remote element.

In an embodiment, the first parameter and the second parameter areincluded in one of a period element, an essential property descriptor,and a supplemental property descriptor included in the MPD file.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry determines whether the remoteelement has been resolved during the validity period based on ahyperlink included in the MPD file corresponding to the remote element.

In an embodiment, the hyperlink is an extensible markup language linkinglanguage (XLink) link.

In an embodiment, a timeline of the validity period is a timeline of theMPD file.

VII. Computer System

The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer softwareusing computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one ormore computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 7 shows a computersystem (700) suitable for implementing certain embodiments of thedisclosed subject matter.

The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code orcomputer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation,linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions thatcan be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-codeexecution, and the like, by one or more computer central processingunits (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

The instructions can be executed on various types of computers orcomponents thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tabletcomputers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of thingsdevices, and the like.

The components shown in FIG. 7 for computer system (700) are exemplaryin nature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scopeof use or functionality of the computer software implementingembodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configurationof components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirementrelating to any one or combination of components illustrated in theexemplary embodiment of a computer system (700).

Computer system (700) may include certain human interface input devices.Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one ormore human users through, for example, tactile input (such as:keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice,clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (notdepicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capturecertain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by ahuman, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images(such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still imagecamera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional videoincluding stereoscopic video).

Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one ofeach depicted): keyboard (701), mouse (702), trackpad (703), touchscreen (710), data-glove (not shown), joystick (705), microphone (706),scanner (707), and camera (708).

Computer system (700) may also include certain human interface outputdevices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating thesenses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output,sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices mayinclude tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by thetouch-screen (710), data-glove (not shown), or joystick (705), but therecan also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as inputdevices), audio output devices (such as: speakers (709), headphones (notdepicted)), visual output devices (such as screens (710) to include CRTscreens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, each with or withouttouch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedbackcapability—some of which may be capable to output two dimensional visualoutput or more than three dimensional output through means such asstereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted),holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (notdepicted). These visual output devices (such as screens (710)) can beconnected to a system bus (748) through a graphics adapter (750).

Computer system (700) can also include human accessible storage devicesand their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW(720) with CD/DVD or the like media (721), thumb-drive (722), removablehard drive or solid state drive (723), legacy magnetic media such astape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD baseddevices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computerreadable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosedsubject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, orother transitory signals.

Computer system (700) can also include a network interface (754) to oneor more communication networks (755). The one or more communicationnetworks (755) can for example be wireless, wireline, optical. The oneor more communication networks (755) can further be local, wide-area,metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, andso on. Examples of the one or more communication networks (755) includelocal area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs, cellular networksto include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE and the like, TV wireline or wirelesswide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, andterrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus,and so forth. Certain networks commonly require external networkinterface adapters that attached to certain general purpose data portsor peripheral buses (749) (such as, for example USB ports of thecomputer system (700)); others are commonly integrated into the core ofthe computer system (700) by attachment to a system bus as describedbelow (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system orcellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). Using anyof these networks, computer system (700) can communicate with otherentities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (forexample, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for example CANbus tocertain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to othercomputer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certainprotocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks andnetwork interfaces as described above.

Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storagedevices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core (740) of thecomputer system (700).

The core (740) can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU)(741), Graphics Processing Units (GPU) (742), specialized programmableprocessing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA)(743), hardware accelerators for certain tasks (744), and so forth.These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) (745), Random-accessmemory (746), internal mass storage (747) such as internal non-useraccessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like, may be connected through thesystem bus (748). In some computer systems, the system bus (748) can beaccessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enableextensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devicescan be attached either directly to the core's system bus (748), orthrough a peripheral bus (749). Architectures for a peripheral businclude PCI, USB, and the like.

CPUs (741), GPUs (742), FPGAs (743), and accelerators (744) can executecertain instructions that, in combination, can make up theaforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM(745) or RAM (746). Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM(746), whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in the internalmass storage (747). Fast storage and retrieve to any of the memorydevices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that can beclosely associated with one or more CPU (741), GPU (742), mass storage(747), ROM (745), RAM (746), and the like.

The computer readable media can have computer code thereon forperforming various computer-implemented operations. The media andcomputer code can be those specially designed and constructed for thepurposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind wellknown and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system havingarchitecture (700) and specifically the core (740) can providefunctionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA,accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or moretangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can bemedia associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above,as well as certain storage of the core (740) that are of non-transitorynature, such as core-internal mass storage (747) or ROM (745). Thesoftware implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure canbe stored in such devices and executed by core (740). Acomputer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices orchips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core(740) and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA,and the like) to execute particular processes or particular parts ofparticular processes described herein, including defining datastructures stored in RAM (746) and modifying such data structuresaccording to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as analternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a resultof logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example:accelerator (744)), which can operate in place of or together withsoftware to execute particular processes or particular parts ofparticular processes described herein. Reference to software canencompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to acomputer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integratedcircuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logicfor execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosureencompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.

While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, thereare alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, whichfall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciatedthat those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systemsand methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein,embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spiritand scope thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for receiving media content, the methodcomprising: receiving a media presentation description (MPD) file thatindicates a duration of a validity period in which a resolution of aremote element of the MPD file is valid, the remote element beingincluded in a remote period of the MPD file, the duration of thevalidity period being greater than a duration of the remote period suchthat the validity period ends after the remote period, wherein the MPDfile indicates a start time of the validity period and the duration ofthe validity period; determining whether the remote element has beenresolved during the validity period indicated by the MPD file based on amedia presentation being determined to be within the validity period;resolving the remote element of the MPD file to obtain the resolutionbased on the remote element being determined not to be resolved in thevalidity period; and outputting, in the remote period, media contentcorresponding to the same resolution for each reference to the remoteelement of the MPD file during the validity period.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the MPD file includes a first parameter indicating thestart time of the validity period and a second parameter indicating theduration of the validity period.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein thefirst parameter is an offset between the start time of the validityperiod and a start time of the media content corresponding to theresolution.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first parameter andthe second parameter are included in one of a period element, anessential property descriptor, or a supplemental property descriptorincluded in the MPD file.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thedetermining further comprises: determining whether the remote elementhas been resolved during the validity period based on a hyperlinkincluded in the MPD file corresponding to the remote element.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the hyperlink is an extensible markuplanguage linking language (XLink) link.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein a timeline of the validity period is a timeline of the MPD file.8. An apparatus for receiving media content, the apparatus comprising:processing circuitry configured to receive a media presentationdescription (MPD) file that indicates a duration of a validity period inwhich a resolution of a remote element of the MPD file is valid, theremote element being included in a remote period of the MPD file, theduration of the validity period being greater than a duration of theremote period such that the validity period ends after the remoteperiod, wherein the MPD file indicates a start time of the validityperiod and the duration of the validity period; determine whether theremote element has been resolved during the validity period indicated bythe MPD file based on a media presentation being determined to be withinthe validity period; resolve the remote element of the MPD file toobtain the resolution based on the remote element being determined notto be resolved in the validity period; and output, in the remote period,media content corresponding to the same resolution for each reference tothe remote element of the MPD file during the validity period.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein the MPD file includes a first parameterindicating the start time of the validity period and a second parameterindicating the duration of the validity period.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the first parameter is an offset between the start timeof the validity period and a start time of the media contentcorresponding to the resolution.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinthe first parameter and the second parameter are included in one of aperiod element, an essential property descriptor, or a supplementalproperty descriptor included in the MPD file.
 12. The apparatus of claim8, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: determinewhether the remote element has been resolved during the validity periodbased on a hyperlink included in the MPD file corresponding to theremote element.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the hyperlink isan extensible markup language linking language (XLink) link.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein a timeline of the validity period is atimeline of the MPD file.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium storing instructions which when executed by a computer forreceiving media content cause the computer to perform: receiving a mediapresentation description (MPD) file that indicates a duration of avalidity period in which a resolution of a remote element of the MPDfile is valid, the remote element being included in a remote period ofthe MPD file, the duration of the validity period being greater than aduration of the remote period such that the validity period ends afterthe remote period, wherein the MPD file indicates a start time of thevalidity period and the duration of the validity period; determiningwhether the remote element has been resolved during the validity periodindicated by the MPD file based on a media presentation being determinedto be within the validity period; resolving the remote element of theMPD file to obtain the resolution based on the remote element beingdetermined not to be resolved in the validity period; and outputting, inthe remote period, media content corresponding to the same resolutionfor each reference to the remote element of the MPD file during thevalidity period.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumof claim 15, wherein the MPD file includes a first parameter indicatingthe start time of the validity period and a second parameter indicatingthe duration of the validity period.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the firstparameter is an offset between the start time of the validity period anda start time of the media content corresponding to the resolution. 18.The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, whereinthe first parameter and the second parameter are included in one of aperiod element, an essential property descriptor, or a supplementalproperty descriptor included in the MPD file.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the storedinstructions cause the computer to perform: determining whether theremote element has been resolved during the validity period based on ahyperlink included in the MPD file corresponding to the remote element.20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19,wherein the hyperlink is an extensible markup language linking language(XLink) link.